The traditional wisdom has always been 0.5 mpg, but I think the number applies only to smaller, lighter coaches where adding a toad is a significant increase in weight and wind resistance. When we towed a 3800 lb toad behind a 17,000 lb gas chassis coach, there was an mpg decrease of 0.25-0.40. But a 5000 lb toad had little impact on our 36,000 lb diesel pusher. Plus there are variations with the size, shape & weight of the toad.
The science is that towing puts 4 more tires on the ground and their rolling resistance is a factor. Further, the extra weight of the toad has to be carried up each & every grade. Finally, the frontal area of the toad has some affect on wind resistance, though that is mitigated somewhat by being shielded directly behind the coach. That all means that heavy or tall or wide vehicles with big grippy tires probably have a greater impact than small cars with modest tires. I 've not seen any data on those factors, though.